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The complete record — 223 artifacts, last updated 20 Aug 2026. Also available as JSON and RSS (CC BY 4.0).

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14 Aug 2026 Congressional Research Service Government report

AI Chatbots as Companions: Overview, Uses, and Considerations for Congress

A Congressional Research Service report for the 119th Congress on AI chatbots used for companionship. It separates purpose-built companion chatbots from general-purpose chatbots used for companionshi…

12 Aug 2026 arXiv (National Taiwan University; University of Bamberg) Preprint

Toward Meaningful Transparency for AI Chatbots: Disclosing Persuasive Intent Reduces Persuasion

Preregistered experiment in which 1,500 UK adults each held a short conversation with a persuasive chatbot about one of 60 policy issues. The chatbot was identical across conditions and only the disc…

20 Jul 2026 European Commission (EU AI Office) Framework

Guidelines on the implementation of the transparency obligations for certain AI systems under Article 50 of the AI Act

Commission guidelines (C(2026) 5054 final, adopted 20 July 2026) interpreting the AI Act Article 50 transparency obligations that apply from 2 August 2026, including the duty to disclose to users tha…

11 Jun 2026 Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPC) Regulator study

PIPEDA Findings #2026-004: Commissioner-Initiated Complaint Concerning X Corp. and X.AI LLC

A commissioner-initiated federal investigation, conducted jointly with provincial privacy counterparts, into X Corp. and X.AI LLC's compliance with Canada's PIPEDA in connection with Grok's image-gen…

9 Jun 2026 UNICEF (with Tech Legality) Government report

When AI becomes a friend: Child rights risks, harms, and regulatory responses to AI chatbots and companions

A UNICEF policy brief examining how AI chatbots and companions bear on children's rights, comparing regulatory responses across six jurisdictions (as of May 2026) and setting out priority safeguardin…

26 May 2026 BEUC (The European Consumer Organisation) with the Sciences Po Law School Clinic NGO report

Synthetic Empathy: Risks and Rights in Artificial Companionship

A consumer-organisation and law-clinic report examining the risks that AI companion chatbots pose to European consumers under current legal frameworks, based on desk research plus hands-on testing of…

19 May 2026 European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament Government report

The spread of AI companions and the challenges they generate

An EPRS briefing for the European Parliament surveying the rapid growth of LLM-powered companion platforms (such as Character.AI and Replika) and their social, psychological, commercial, and environm…

13 May 2026 Indian Governance and Policy Project (IGAP) NGO report

The Conversation Nobody Planned For: AI, Emotional Support, and the Indian Context

An exploratory safety evaluation from an Indian policy think tank of how AI systems respond to emotional distress in Indian user contexts. It combines a systematic review of over 100 studies, legal p…

25 Feb 2026 arXiv (King's College London-affiliated author team) Preprint

The Governance of Intimacy: A Preliminary Policy Analysis of Romantic AI Platforms

A preliminary policy analysis comparing the privacy-policy and consent practices of six romantic/companion AI platforms across the GDPR, CCPA, and China's PIPL regimes, focused on the collection and…

18 Dec 2025 Ofcom Government report

AI chatbots and online regulation – what you need to know

Ofcom's explainer sets out how AI chatbots fall within the UK Online Safety Act, published amid reports of chatbots imitating real and deceased people and encouraging self-harm and suicide. It clarif…

11 Sept 2025 FTC Regulator study

6(b) Orders to File Special Report Regarding Advertising, Safety, and Data Handling Practices by Companies Offering Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Companion Products or Services

The US Federal Trade Commission issued compulsory Section 6(b) orders to seven companies operating consumer-facing AI companion chatbots — Alphabet, Character Technologies, Instagram, Meta Platforms,…

3 Aug 2025 Social Studies of Science (SAGE) Peer-reviewed

The fall and rise of Iruda: Reassembling AI through ethics-in-action

Peer-reviewed case study of South Korea's Iruda (Lee Luda) chatbot — its 2021 sexual-harassment, hate-speech, and data-consent controversy and its 2022 relaunch. Argues the harms arose from developer…

29 Jul 2025 European Commission Framework

Guidelines on prohibited artificial intelligence practices established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act)

Non-binding European Commission guidance (reference C(2025) 5052 final) interpreting the AI Act's Article 5 prohibited-practices provisions, including manipulative/deceptive techniques and exploitati…

10 Jul 2025 European Commission (EU AI Office) Framework

General-Purpose AI Code of Practice (EU AI Act, Articles 53 and 55)

Voluntary code of practice published 10 July 2025, drafted by 13 independent experts through a multi-stakeholder process (1,000+ participants) facilitated by the EU AI Office, to help providers of ge…