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The complete record — 223 artifacts, last updated 20 Aug 2026. Also available as JSON and RSS (CC BY 4.0).

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4 Aug 2026 Nature Human Behaviour Peer-reviewed

Interaction with AI companions and psychological well-being

Stanford-led study of 1,131 adult Character.AI users combining survey self-report with donated chat transcripts from 244 of them, analyzed with LLM-assisted methods against the Comprehensive Inventor…

29 May 2026 Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT Research) NGO report

Dark Patterns in AI Chatbots: A Taxonomy to Inform Better Design

A taxonomy of 37 dark patterns in AI chatbots, organized into four high-level categories, spanning general-purpose systems (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude) and companion platforms (Replika, Character.AI). S…

19 May 2026 European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), European Parliament Government report

The spread of AI companions and the challenges they generate

An EPRS briefing for the European Parliament surveying the rapid growth of LLM-powered companion platforms (such as Character.AI and Replika) and their social, psychological, commercial, and environm…

22 Jan 2026 Consumer Federation of America & U.S. PIRG Education Fund NGO report

No License Required: The Risks of AI Companion Chatbots as Mental Health Support

Joint consumer-advocacy report testing five of the most-used generic "therapist" and "psychiatrist" characters on Character.AI through open-ended mental-health conversations. Documents three concern…

29 Oct 2025 Character.AI Lab publication

Taking Bold Steps to Keep Teen Users Safe on Character.AI

A Character.AI company blog post announcing the removal of open-ended chat for users under 18, new in-house and third-party age-assurance technology, and the founding of an independent nonprofit, the…

21 Jul 2025 arXiv (Drexel University-led; accepted at ACM CHI 2026) Preprint superseded

Understanding Teen Overreliance on AI Companion Chatbots Through Self-Reported Reddit Narratives

A qualitative study of 318 Reddit posts by adolescents aged 13-17 describing their own overreliance on AI companion chatbots (e.g., Character.AI). It traces a trajectory from use for support or creat…

30 Apr 2025 Common Sense Media; Stanford School of Medicine Brainstorm Lab for Mental Health Innovation NGO report

Social AI Companions: AI Risk Assessment

A risk assessment of social AI companion apps (including Character.AI, Nomi, and Replika) jointly conducted by Common Sense Media and Stanford Medicine's Brainstorm Lab. It concludes that social AI c…